As Brazil prepares to host the 2014 World Cup and the Olympic Games two years later, attention is not only on the progress of its stadiums but how well authorities are tackling high levels of crime.

The UPPs are also being seen as a model that could be introduced in other parts of the world, including in some Central American countries blighted by drug violence.

Residents of the City of God slum, pacified in 2009, recently complained to police about a growing number of drug traffickers despite the UPP.

Despite these problems, there is hope. Among slum residents initially suspicious of the police, the police themselves, and the city's six million dwellers at large, many are optimistic about the future.

One resident of Cantagalo shantytown said: '"I didn't want the police here but at least now children don't see men walking around with guns, covered in gold, and learn that dealing drugs is the only way to get a motorbike or a car."

The community of Borel, in the north zone of Rio and part of a favela complex that is home to 30,000 people, has had a UPP in place for a year.

Police Captain Bruno Amaral agreed that there was considerable resistance from the community initially.

"Before the UPP it was drug dealers versus police, with the community stuck in the middle. Their only experience of the police was of them coming into the community during a shoot-out, then leaving afterwards," he said.

"Some people supported the drug dealers because they provided services for them like water and cable TV.

"We worked at getting closer to young people especially, putting on parties, football games, regular ju jitsu classes etc."

He said police have not eradicated drug dealing entirely from the favela but have made sure the traffickers no longer rule.

"The police arrived and stabilised the community, now the services need to arrive. We are making a new kind of society."

There has been criticism in some other communities about the behaviour of the authorities, notably when troops invaded the vast Complexo do Alemao favela last November.

Some residents made formal complaints of suffering violence or robberies at the hands of the police.

A police spokesperson said those who break the law are punished.

"Misconducts are a reality inside any complex organisation," the official said. "The important fact here is that the UPPs are subject to the police's office of internal affairs and to the Civil Police when necessary, which means transparency is kept at all times."

There are four stages of the UPP process:

• Data and intelligence collected before an operation

• Special forces, known as BOPE, enter and occupy the land, driving the drug dealers out

• The UPP then installed inside the favela

• Finally, evaluation where community leaders, the police and other interested parties including NGOs meet up regularly to discuss progress.

A law is currently passing through Congress to ensure the UPPs stay for a minimum of 25 years.

Police officers say they will stay for as long as necessary – and in some areas that could be longer than 25 years.

Private investors, under Rio's industry federation Firjan, are contributing to projects including medical provision, education and work to boost the economy.

Angelo Campos, a resident of Complexo do Alemao, patrolled by rifle-carrying soldiers since November, highlights the need for more than just law enforcement or cash injections.

"We're not animals and it's not enough just to give money," he says.

"Many of the projects are not sustainable enough to work. A lot of the social projects promised by the government still haven't arrived here at all.

"We now have cable cars in one part of the community for access, but some people lost their homes and had to be re-housed to make way for those."

Having worked in various low-paid jobs such as a hospital porter, nowadays Angelo is a graffiti, T-shirt and sign artist.

But he says it is still very difficult for people from his community to achieve their goals.

"People in the favela don't believe in themselves. What is really needed in the long term is more education."

Originally Published On: www.bbc.co.uk – Original Article Here

The world's first view of Earth taken by a spacecraft from the vicinity of the moon. The photo was transmitted to Earth by the United States Lunar Orbiter I and received at the NASA tracking station near Madrid. This crescent of the Earth was photographed August 23, 1966 when the spacecraft was on its 16th orbit and just about to pass behind the moon.

By Ben P. Stein, Inside Science News Service

(ISNS)—You think your vacation pictures are impressive? Try to imagine what it was like 45 years ago as scientists and engineers produced the very first images of our planet from deep space.

On August 23, 1966, NASA’s Lunar Orbiter 1 took the first photo of Earth from the moon’s orbit, and it forever changed how we see our home planet.

"You’re looking at your home from this really foreign kind of desolate landscape," said Jay Friedlander, who started his NASA career 20 years ago as a photographic technician working on images including those from the Lunar Orbiter at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. "It’s the first time you’re actually looking at Earth as a different kind of place," said Friedlander, currently a multimedia specialist at Goddard. 

Pictures of Earth from space had been taken before, by rockets in the 1940s, and satellites in the 1950s and 1960s. However, those pictures captured just parts of Earth, as opposed to a full-on view of the planet. But that was about to change.

In the summer of 1966, the Beatles were performing their last string of public concerts, the Baltimore Orioles were on the way to their first World Series championship, the National Organization for Women was founded, and the United States was preparing to send the first humans to the moon. But before NASA could send astronauts to our lunar neighbor, they needed to find a safe place to land. So from 1966-67, the Lunar Orbiter program dispatched unmanned reconnaissance spacecraft to orbit the moon.

"The basic idea was preparing to go to the moon for the Apollo missions," said Dave Williams, a planetary curation scientist at Goddard. According to Williams, NASA "needed high resolution pictures of the surface to make sure this is something they could land on and pick out landing sites."

NASA needed to map the moon quickly. As it turned out, they could call upon off-the-shelf technology: Boeing and Eastman Kodak had previously developed a spacecraft with an onboard camera system for the Department of Defense.

The first spacecraft, Lunar Orbiter 1, left Earth on August 10, 1966—92 hours later it was orbiting the moon.

It was like a flying photography lab, according to Friedlander.

"The camera system itself took up at least a third of the spacecraft," said Friedlander. Just about everything else, he said, "was power and propulsion."

The Lunar Orbiter camera contained dual lenses, taking photos at the same time. One lens took wide-angle images of the moon at medium resolution. A second telephoto lens took high-resolution images yielding details as small as 5 meters in size. For every swath of real estate on the moon that the medium resolution lens imaged, the high resolution lens would take three snapshots of smaller areas within that swath.

The entire camera contraption would have made Rube Goldberg proud, exposing, developing, and processing photographic film onboard a moving spacecraft, traveling around the moon constantly between hot and cold temperature extremes anywhere from approximately 27 to 3,700 miles above the lunar surface.

"This thing is going around the moon in zero gravity and developing film," said Williams. "It was an amazing achievement that they could do this."

Williams said that the camera had "these big honking reels" of 70 mm film. The film would roll through, the camera would take pictures, and then move the exposed film to an automated developer. The automated film developer contained a mix of chemicals that would develop the film using a process similar to the method used by Polaroid cameras. An electron beam would then scan each developed image before transmitting the photos back to Earth using radio signals—the same way television satellites would analog signals to TV stations.

Deployed one after the other, five Lunar Orbiter spacecraft produced a medium-detail map of 99 percent of the moon. Only in the last two years has NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter—still actively circling the moon—generated higher-resolution maps of the entire lunar surface.

By: Bob Lewis, Associated Press

MINERAL, Va. (AP) — Tens of millions of people from Georgia to Canada were jolted Tuesday by the strongest earthquake to strike the East Coast since World War II. Three weeks before the 10th anniversary of Sept. 11, office workers poured out of New York skyscrapers and the Pentagon, relieved it was nothing more sinister than an act of nature.

There were no known deaths or serious injuries, but cracks appeared in the National Cathedral, and three capstones broke off its tower. Windows shattered and grocery stores were wrecked in Virginia, where the quake was centered. The White House and Capitol were partly evacuated.

The U.S. Geological Survey said the quake registered magnitude 5.8. By West Coast standards, that is mild. But the East Coast is not accustomed to earthquakes at all, and this one unsettled some of the nation’s biggest population centers.

In New York and Washington, people said their thoughts were of an explosion or terrorist attack. In some cases, workers in Washington mentioned the tremors in phone calls to colleagues in New York, and seconds later, the shaking reached there, too.

"We thought it was a bomb at first because everyone has 9/11 on the brain and that it’s so close to September and the 10th anniversary," said Cathy McDonald, who works in an IRS office in downtown Washington.

Hundreds of people spilled out of the federal courthouse blocks from ground zero, workers in the Empire State Building rushed into the streets, some having descended dozens of flights of stairs.

"I thought we’d been hit by an airplane," said one worker, Marty Wiesner.

Adrian Ollivierre, an accountant who was in his office on the 60th floor when the shaking began, said: "I thought I was having maybe a heart attack, and I saw everybody running. I think what it is, is the paranoia that happens from 9/11, and that’s why I’m still out here — because, I’m sorry, I’m not playing with my life."

The quake was felt as far north as Toronto, as far west as Indiana and Kentucky and as far south as Atlanta and Savannah, Ga. It was also felt on Martha’s Vineyard of Massachusetts, where President Barack Obama, who is vacationing there, was getting ready to tee off in a round of golf.

The White House said there were no reports of major damage to the nation’s infrastructure, including airports and nuclear facilities. Two nuclear reactors at the North Anna Power Station in Virginia were automatically taken off line by safety systems, said Roger Hannah, a spokesman for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The plant is in the same county as the quake’s epicenter, about 80 miles southwest of Washington and 40 miles northwest of Richmond, Va.

The Park Service closed all monuments and memorials on the National Mall, and ceiling tiles fell at Reagan National Airport outside Washington. Many nonessential workers in Washington were sent home for the day. The Capitol was reopened by late afternoon for people to retrieve their things.

At the Pentagon, a low rumbling built until the building itself was shaking, and people ran into the corridors of the complex. The shaking continued, to shouts of "Evacuate! Evacuate!" The main damage to the building, the largest single workspace for the federal government, came from a broken water pipe.

The National Cathedral said it had sustained "significant damage," with three capstones, each shaped like a fleur-de-lis, breaking off the main tower. Cracks appeared in the flying buttresses around the apse at the cathedral’s east end, the oldest part of the building.

"Everyone here is safe," the cathedral said on its official Twitter feed. "Please pray for the Cathedral as there has been some damage."

Around Mineral, Va., a small town close to the epicenter, people milled around in their lawns, on sidewalks and parking lots, still rattled and leery of re-entering buildings. All over town, masonry was crumpled, and there were stores with shelf contents strewn on the floor. Several display windows at businesses in the tiny heart of downtown were broken and lay in jagged shards.

Carmen Bonano, who has a 1-year-old granddaughter, sat on the porch of her family’s white-frame house, its twin brick chimneys destroyed. Her voice still quavered with fear.

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By Larry O’Hanlon, ISNS Contributor

(ISNS)—For decades NASA has been "following the water" on Mars with hopes of finding signs of alien life there; or at least signs that future colonists won’t die of thirst. Now a Texas geologist has dared to revive an old, almost heretical idea—backed up with all the latest data—that the Red Planet has been bone dry for billions of years.

Mars’ spectacular grand canyons were not carved by catastrophic floods, says Texas Tech’s David Leverington, but by slippery, low-viscosity lavas. This lava hypothesis fits happily within a wider geological framework of Mars and compares well with similar channel-like features on the moon and Venus, he said.

If Leverington is right, the odds of life on Mars plummet to near zero. But that’s a big "if." Many veteran Mars researchers are far from buying the lava story and are still pretty certain that water played a significant part in sculpting the compelling 1,200-mile long, 60-mile wide outflow channels that stunned the world when they were first imaged by Viking spacecraft in the late 1970s.

Holes In The Water

Leverington’s approach, as explained in his soon-to-be published paper in the Sept. 2011 issue of the journal Geomorphology, is to take apart some of the major assumptions of the "aqueous" models used to explain how water could have scoured out the outflow channels.

First there is the matter of the sources of all the water. Some Mars water advocates have calculated that the volume of water would, in some cases, need to exceed those of the greatest rivers on Earth, perhaps being more on par with something like the Atlantic Ocean’s Gulf Stream current.

"The question is: How do you get that volume of water?" said Leverington. "How do you move it quickly enough to rush out at a rate to carve channels like these?"

There are no huge empty lake beds at the heads of the outflow channels. So researchers have hypothesized vast permafrost-sealed aquifers in extremely porous, permeable ground that was suddenly breached by meteor impacts, faulting or upwards movements of hot magma in the Martian crust. In order for that scenario to work other researchers have calculated that the permeability of the Martian crust would need to be 1-10 million times greater than seems evident or likely, he said.

Another puzzle is the location of the starting points of the outflow channels. They tend to start up on the flanks of volcanoes. That doesn’t fit the water hypothesis, said Leverington, because outflows of such huge volumes of water would be more likely from breaches at lower elevations so that there is plenty of "head" uphill of the breach pushing the water out below.

One more thorn in the side of the aqueous hypothesis, Leverington said, is the mineralogy of Mars. There are few sediments and minerals that are consistent with a wet planet. Except for some clays found in rocks from the very earliest period in Mars history, which are far older than the outflow channels, the minerals found on Mars are not the kind that would survive contact with water and would reform as different minerals if the planet cycled through wet and dry periods. In other words, these minerals would not exist if water was common anytime in the near geologic past.

"I would argue that all of these diverse types of data point firmly at volcanic mechanisms," said Leverington.

Conflicting Views

But not so fast, says highly respected veteran Mars researcher Victor Baker, of the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory in Tucson, Ariz. Just because there are some problems with the water hypothesis is no reason to throw it out entirely, he said. What’s more, you have to be careful not only when you compare Martian features to Earth’s, but also to other planets.

"He’s reasoning on the features of Moon and Venus when we don’t know the causes of those features either," said Baker.

So while there might be similarities, it’s not at all clear that erosive, low viscosity lavas are the common cause. "It’s very obvious that immense flows of water and lava have been involved," said Baker.

Ago 11, 2011
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Algunos empresarios chinos están demostrando tener gran inventiva. Aún antes de que Apple lance su nuevo iPhone 5, que se espera para este otoño, ya se puede conseguir un clon suyo: el hiPhone 5. De hecho, se pueden encontrar varios modelos diferentes basados en supuestas imágenes filtradas del nuevo móvil de la compañía californiana. Pero el ingenio oriental no se queda aquí. Se falsifican incluso las tiendas Apple Store.